Spring and Autumn period

Spring and Autumn period
Spring and Autumn period
Traditional Chinese	春秋時代
Simplified Chinese	春秋时代
Hanyu Pinyin	Chūnqiū shídài
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Chūnqiū shídài
Bopomofo	ㄔㄨㄣㄑㄧㄡ; ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Chuen chiou shyrday
Wade–Giles	Chʻun1-chʻiu1 Shih2-tai4
Tongyong Pinyin	Chunciou shíhdài
Yale Romanization	Chwūn chyōu shŕdài
MPS2	Chuēn chiōu shŕdài
IPA	[ʈʂʰwə́n tɕʰjóʊ ʂǐ.tâɪ]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	Ceon1 cau1 si4 doi6
IPA	[tsʰɵn˥ tsʰɐu˥ siː˩.tɔːi˨]
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	/t͡ɕʰiuɪn t͡sʰɨu d͡ʑɨ dʌiH/
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*tʰun tsʰiw; [d]ə (~ [d]əʔ) lˤək-s
Zhengzhang	/*tʰjun sʰɯw djɯ l'ɯːɡs/

The Spring and Autumn period in Chinese history lasted approximately from 770 to 481 BCE^[1]^[a] which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name^[b] derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 481 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BCE). During this period, royal control over the various local polities eroded as regional lords increasingly exercised political autonomy, negotiating their own alliances, waging wars amongst themselves, up to defying the king's court in Luoyi. The gradual Partition of Jin, one of the most powerful states, is generally considered to mark the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.

^ Hsu 1999, p. 547.
^ Lewis 1999, p. 598.
^ ^a ^b ^c von Falkenhausen 1999, p. 450.
^ General Office of the State Council 2021.
^ Pines 2002.
^ Cook 1995, p. 148.
^ Kiser & Cai 2003, p. 512.
^ Zhao Dingxin (2004). "Comment: Spurious Causation in a Historical Process: War and Bureaucratization in Early China". American Sociological Review. 69 (4). American Sociological Association: 603–607. doi:10.1177/000312240406900407. JSTOR 3593067. S2CID 143734027.

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[FOOTNOTEHsu1999547-1] Hsu 1999, p. 547.

[FOOTNOTELewis1999598-2] Lewis 1999, p. 598.

[FOOTNOTEvon_Falkenhausen1999450-3] von Falkenhausen 1999, p. 450.

[FOOTNOTEGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021-4] General Office of the State Council 2021.

[FOOTNOTEPines2002-5] Pines 2002.

[FOOTNOTECook1995148-6] Cook 1995, p. 148.

[FOOTNOTEKiserCai2003512-7] Kiser & Cai 2003, p. 512.

[9] Zhao Dingxin (2004). "Comment: Spurious Causation in a Historical Process: War and Bureaucratization in Early China". American Sociological Review. 69 (4). American Sociological Association: 603–607. doi:10.1177/000312240406900407. JSTOR 3593067. S2CID 143734027.

[1]

[a]

[b]